Friday, January 29, 2010

Fact vs Rhetoric - Economy, Eugenics, Manifest Destiny, Jim Crow, Slavery and Reconstruction

  • Myth - People were enslaved because they were somehow deficient or sub human
  • Fact - Slavery - was and unfortunately still is an economic tool to acquire cheap labor

  • Myth - The US was buit by skilled "white" people
  • Fact - The skilled labor was the slave labor the "white" people were the business owners who used this labor to advance their business positions

  • Myth - Slavery was a southern institution
  • Fact - Slavery was a national institution - in the south you had plantation in the other parts of the country the servants lived in the house 1-2 per household

  • Myth - Jim crow laws were passed to protect good "white" people from "black" people
  • Fact - the laws were passed because the majority lost their free labor and the former servant now able to make their own money and being the skilled workers were no longer creating weath for the former owners rather for themselves and their families and were gaining political and economic power so the rules were put in place to allow the former group in control time to learn the skills needed to compete and earn a living - also there was fear that the former slaves would retaliate

  • Myth - all "black" people were slaves, genetically inferior and incapable of functioning on a level equal to "whites"
  • Fact - scientifically "race" as it is used is skin deep - just because someone shared a similar pigment does not mean they have anything in common with you and more often then not the more diverse a person's background the better equipped they are to survive (think of inbreeding as a worst case example). In fact historically speaking in the US many scientific discovered were the ideas of the slaves and/or servant and cooped by their "masters". Further in any arena where there is a level playing field (sports and others) a diverse group of people rise from various ethic groups to leadership

I could go on but lets get to the facts - people fear change. Also the former majority feared the former slaves would lash back at their former "master' in anger. The simple truth is the former slaves for the most part were obsessed with education and equity the very things denied them. Lets look at the rhetorics of the time vs the actions actions that took place

Rhetoric:
















Fact:
African american accomplishments 1863-1900
Many schools were established to educate the former slaves - BACKGROUND OF HISTORICALLY BLACK COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES

Prior to the Civil War, there was no structured higher education system for black students. Public policy and certain statutory provisions prohibited the education of blacks in various parts of the nation. The Institute for Colored Youth, the first higher education institution for blacks, was founded in Cheyney, Pennsylvania, in 1837. It was followed by two other black institutions--Lincoln University, in Pennsylvania (1854), and Wilberforce University, in Ohio (1856).

Although these institutions were called universities" or "institutes" fromtheir founding, a major part of their mission in the early years was to provide elementary and secondary schooling for students who had no previous education. It was not until the early 1900s that HBCUs began to offer courses and programs at the postsecondary level.

This list of Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs) lists institutions of higher education in the United States that were established before 1964 (Red = founded before 1900)

School ↓City ↓State ↓Founded ↓Type ↓Religious Affiliation ↓Comment ↓
Alabama A&M UniversityNormalAlabama1875PublicFounded as "Colored Normal School at Huntsville"
Alabama State UniversityMontgomeryAlabama1867PublicFounded as "Lincoln Normal School of Marion"
Albany State UniversityAlbanyGeorgia1903PublicFounded as "Albany Bible and Manual Training Institute"
Alcorn State UniversityLormanMississippi1871PublicFounded as "Alcorn University" in honor of James L. Alcorn
Allen UniversityColumbiaSouth Carolina1870PrivateAfrican Methodist EpiscopalFounded as "Payne Institute"
University of Arkansas at Pine BluffPine BluffArkansas1873PublicFounded as "Branch Normal College"
Arkansas Baptist CollegeLittle RockArkansas1884PrivateBaptistFounded as "Minister’s Institute"[2]
Barber-Scotia CollegeConcordNorth Carolina1867PrivatePresbyterianFounded as two institutions, Scotia Seminary and Barber Memorial College
Benedict CollegeColumbiaSouth Carolina1870PrivateAmerican Baptist Churches USAFounded as "Benedict Institute"
Bennett CollegeGreensboroNorth Carolina1873PrivateUnited Methodist Church
Bethune-Cookman UniversityDaytona BeachFlorida1904PrivateUnited Methodist ChurchFounded as "Daytona Educational and Industrial Training School for Negro Girls"
Bishop State Community CollegeMobileAlabama1927PublicOriginally a branch of Alabama State College
Bluefield State CollegeBluefieldWest Virginia1895PublicFounded as "Bluefield Colored Institute"
Bowie State UniversityBowieMaryland1865PublicFounded as "Baltimore Normal School"
Central State UniversityWilberforceOhio1887PublicAME ChurchOriginally a department at Wilberforce University[3]
Cheyney University of PennsylvaniaCheyneyPennsylvania1837PublicFounded as "Institute for Colored Youth"
Claflin UniversityOrangeburgSouth Carolina1869PrivateUnited Methodist Church
Clark Atlanta UniversityAtlantaGeorgia1865PrivateUnited Methodist ChurchOriginally two institutions, Clark College and Atlanta University
Clinton Junior CollegeRock HillSouth Carolina1894PrivateAME ZionFounded as "Clinton Institute"[4]
Coahoma Community CollegeCoahoma CountyMississippi1924PublicFounded as "Coahoma County Agricultural High School"
Concordia College, SelmaSelmaAlabama1922PrivateLutheran Church - Missouri SynodKnown as "Alabama Lutheran Academy and Junior College" until 1981
Coppin State UniversityBaltimoreMaryland1900PublicFounded as "Colored High School"
Delaware State UniversityDoverDelaware1891PublicFounded as "The State College for Colored Students"
Denmark Technical CollegeDenmarkSouth Carolina1947PublicFounded as "Denmark Area Trade School"[5]
Dillard UniversityNew OrleansLouisiana1869PrivateUnited Church of Christ and the United Methodist ChurchFounding predecessor institutions: "Straight University" and "Union Normal School"
University of the District of ColumbiaWashingtonDistrict of Columbia1851PublicFounded as "Miner Normal School"
Edward Waters CollegeJacksonvilleFlorida1866PrivateAME ChurchFounded as "Brown Theological Institute"
Elizabeth City State UniversityElizabeth CityNorth Carolina1891Public
Fayetteville State UniversityFayettevilleNorth Carolina1867PublicFounded as "Howard School"
Fisk UniversityNashvilleTennessee1866PrivateUnited Church of Christ [6]Named for Clinton Bowen Fisk
Florida A&MTallahasseeFlorida1887PublicFounded as "State Normal College for Colored Students"
Florida Memorial UniversityMiami GardensFlorida1879PrivateAmerican BaptistFounded as "Florida Baptist Institute in Live Oak"
Fort Valley State UniversityFort ValleyGeorgia1895PublicFounded as "Fort Valley High and Industrial School"
Gadsden State Community CollegeGadsdenAlabama1925PublicFounded as "Alabama School of Trades"
Grambling State UniversityGramblingLouisiana1901PublicFounded as "Colored Industrial and Agricultural School"
Hampton UniversityHamptonVirginia1868PrivateFounded as "Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute"
Harris-Stowe State UniversitySt. LouisMissouri1857PublicFounded as "St. Louis Normal School"[7]
Hinds Community College at UticaUticaMississippi1903PublicFounded as "Utica Junior College"
Howard UniversityWashingtonDistrict of Columbia1867Private
Huston-Tillotson UniversityAustinTexas1881PrivateUnited Methodist Church /United Church of ChristFounded as "Tillotson Collegiate and Normal Institute"
Interdenominational Theological CenterAtlantaGeorgia1958PrivateInterdenominational
J. F. Drake State Technical CollegeHuntsvilleAlabama1961PublicFounded as "Huntsville State Vocational Technical School"
Jackson State UniversityJacksonMississippi1877PublicFounded as "Natchez Seminary"
Jarvis Christian CollegeHawkinsTexas1912PrivateThe Disciples
Johnson C. Smith UniversityCharlotteNorth Carolina1867PrivatePresbyterian Church (U.S.A.)Founded as "Biddle Memorial Institute"
Kentucky State UniversityFrankfortKentucky1886PublicFounded as "State Normal School for Colored Persons"
Knoxville CollegeKnoxville (Mechanicsville)Tennessee1875PrivateUnited Presbyterian Church of North America
Lane CollegeJacksonTennessee1882PrivateChristian Methodist Episcopal ChurchFounded as "Colored Methodist Episcopal High School"[8]
Langston UniversityLangstonOklahoma1897PublicFounded as "Oklahoma Colored Agricultural and Normal University"
Lawson State Community CollegeBessemerAlabama1949Public
LeMoyne-Owen CollegeMemphisTennessee1862PrivateUnited Church of ChristFounded as "LeMoyne Normal and Commercial School"[9] (elementary school until 1870)
Lewis College of BusinessDetroitMichigan1928PrivateFounded as "Lewis Business College"[10]
Lincoln UniversityChester CountyPennsylvania1854PublicFounded as "Ashmun Institute"
Lincoln University of MissouriJefferson CityMissouri1866PublicFounded as "Lincoln Institute"[11]
Livingstone CollegeSalisburyNorth Carolina1879PrivateAME ZionFounded as "Zion Wesley Institute"
University of Maryland Eastern ShorePrincess AnneMaryland1886PublicOriginally: Methodist EpiscopalFounded as "Delaware Conference Academy"
Meharry Medical CollegeNashvilleTennessee1876PrivateUnited Methodist ChurchFounded as the Medical Department of Central Tennessee College
Miles CollegeFairfieldAlabama1905PrivateCME ChurchKnown as "Miles Memorial College" until 1941
Mississippi Valley State UniversityItta BenaMississippi1950PublicFounded as "Mississippi Vocational College"
Morehouse CollegeAtlantaGeorgia1867PrivateBaptistFounded as "Augusta Institute"
Morehouse School of MedicineAtlantaGeorgia1975PrivateFounded originally as a part of Morehouse College
Morgan State UniversityBaltimoreMaryland1867PublicOriginally: Methodist EpiscopalFounded as "Centenary Biblical Institute"
Morris Brown CollegeVine CityGeorgia1881PrivateAfrican Methodist Episcopal Church
Morris CollegeSumterSouth Carolina1908PrivateBaptist Educational and Missionary Convention
Norfolk State UniversityNorfolkVirginia1935PublicFounded as "Norfolk Unit of Virginia Union University"[12]
North Carolina A&T State UniversityGreensboroNorth Carolina1891Public
North Carolina Central UniversityDurhamNorth Carolina1910PublicFounded as "National Religious Training School and Chautauqua"
Oakwood UniversityHuntsvilleAlabama1896PrivateSeventh-day AdventistFounded as "Oakwood Industrial School"
Paine CollegeAugustaGeorgia1882PrivateUnited Methodist Church and Christian Methodist Episcopal ChurchFounded as "Paine Institute"
Paul Quinn CollegeDallasTexas1872PrivateAME ChurchNamed for William Paul Quinn
Philander Smith CollegeLittle RockArkansas1877PrivateUnited Methodist ChurchFounded as "Walden Seminary"
Prairie View A&M UniversityPrairie ViewTexas1876PublicFounded as "Alta Vista Agriculture & Mechanical College for Colored Youth"[13]
Rust CollegeHolly SpringsMississippi1866PrivateUnited Methodist ChurchKnown as "Shaw University" until 1882
Saint Paul's CollegeLawrencevilleVirginia1888PrivateProtestant Episcopal ChurchFounded as "Saint Paul Normal and Industrial School"
Savannah State UniversitySavannahGeorgia1890PublicFounded as "Georgia State Industrial College for Colored Youth"
Selma UniversitySelmaAlabama1878PrivateAlabama State Missionary Baptist ConventionFounded as "Alabama Baptist Normal and Theological School"
Shaw UniversityRaleighNorth Carolina1865PrivateNational Baptist Convention, USA, Inc.
Shelton State Community CollegeTuscaloosaAlabama1952PublicFounded as "J.P. Shelton Trade School"
South Carolina State UniversityOrangeburgSouth Carolina1896PublicFounded as "Colored, Normal, Industrial, Agricultural, and Mechanical College of South Carolina"
Southern University at New OrleansNew OrleansLouisiana1959PublicFounded as a branch unit of Southern University in Baton Rouge
Southern University at ShreveportShreveportLouisiana1967PublicPart of the Southern University System
Southern University and A&M CollegeBaton RougeLouisiana1881PublicConceptualized by P. B. S. Pinchback, T. T. Allain, and Henry Demas
Southwestern Christian CollegeTerrellTexas1948PrivateChurch of ChristFounded as "Southern Bible Institute"[14]
Spelman CollegeAtlantaGeorgia1881PrivateFounded as "Atlanta Baptist Female Seminary"
St. Augustine's CollegeRaleighNorth Carolina1867PrivateEpiscopal Church (United States)
St. Philip's CollegeSan AntonioTexas1898PublicEpiscopal ChurchFounded as "St. Philip's Sewing Class for Girls"[15]
Stillman CollegeTuscaloosaAlabama1876Private
Talladega CollegeTalladega CountyAlabama1867PrivateUnited Church of ChristKnown as as "Swayne School" until 1869
Tennessee State UniversityNashvilleTennessee1912PublicFounded as "Agricultural and Industrial State Normal School"
Texas CollegeTylerTexas1894PrivateChristian Methodist Episcopal Church
Texas Southern UniversityHoustonTexas1947PublicFounded as "Texas State University for Negroes"
Tougaloo CollegeHinds CountyMississippi1869PrivateAmerican Missionary AssociationFounded as "Tougaloo University"
Trenholm State Technical CollegeMontgomeryAlabama1947PublicFounded as "John M. Patterson Technical School"[16]
Tuskegee UniversityTuskegeeAlabama1881Private
University of the Virgin IslandsSt. Croix & St. ThomasUnited States Virgin Islands1962PublicFounded as "College of the Virgin Islands"
Virginia State UniversityPetersburgVirginia1882PublicFounded as "Virginia Normal and Collegiate Institute at Petersburg"
Virginia Union UniversityRichmondVirginia1865PrivateAmerican Baptist Churches USAFounded as "Wayland Seminary"[17]
Virginia University of LynchburgLynchburgVirginia1886PrivateBaptistFounded as "Lynchburg Baptist Seminary"
Voorhees CollegeDenmarkSouth Carolina1897PrivateEpiscopal ChurchFounded as "Denmark Industrial School"
West Virginia State UniversityKanawha CountyWest Virginia1891PublicFounded as "West Virginia Colored Institute"
Wilberforce UniversityWilberforceOhio1856PrivateAME ChurchNamed for William Wilberforce
Wiley CollegeMarshallTexas1873PrivateMethodist Episcopal ChurchNamed for Isaac William Wiley
Winston-Salem State UniversityWinston-SalemNorth Carolina1892PublicFounded as "Slater Industrial and State Normal School"
Xavier University of LouisianaNew OrleansLouisiana1915PrivateRoman CatholicFounding predecessor institutions: "St. Katharine Drexel" and the "Sisters of the Blessed Sacrament"


Defunct institutions

School ↓City ↓State ↓Founded ↓Type ↓Religious Affiliation ↓Comment ↓
Bishop CollegeDallasTexas1881PrivateBaptist Home Mission SocietyFounded in Marshall, Texas; later moved to Dallas. Closed in 1988.
Daniel Payne CollegeBirminghamAlabama1889PrivateAfrican Methodist Episcopal ChurchClosed in 1979
Guadalupe CollegeSeguinTexas1884PrivateTexas Missionary Baptist General ConventionCeased operation in the 20th century
Kittrell CollegeKittrellNorth Carolina1886PrivateAfrican Methodist Episcopal ChurchClosed in 1975
Mount Hermon Female SeminaryClintonMississippi1875PrivateAmerican Missionary AssociationClosed in 1924
Storer CollegeHarpers FerryWest Virginia1865PublicClosed in 1955
Western University (Kansas)QuindaroKansas1865PrivateAfrican Methodist Episcopal ChurchClosed in 1943



The Reconstruction Amendments are the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth amendments to the United States Constitution, adopted between 1865 and 1870, the five years immediately following the Civil War. This group of Amendments is sometimes referred to as the "Civil War Amendments" or the "Three Reconstruction Era Amendments".


The Amendments were intended to restructure the United States from a country that was (in Abraham Lincoln's words) "half slave and half free" to one in which the constitutionally guaranteed "blessings of liberty" would be extended to the entire male populace, including the former slaves and their descendants.


The Thirteenth Amendment (both proposed and ratified in 1865) abolished slavery. The Fourteenth Amendment (proposed in 1866 and ratified in 1868) included the Privileges or Immunities Clause, Due Process and Equal Protection Clauses. The Fifteenth Amendment, (proposed in 1869 and ratified in 1870) grants voting rights regardless of "race, color, or previous condition of servitude".




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